Explosive demolition arrangement



1964 HANS-JOACHIM RIEDL ETAL 3,

EXPLQSIVE DEMOLITION ARRANGEMENT Filed Jan. 22, 1962 2 Sheets-Sheet 1INVENTOR. A M veal/m. 2&4: BY Heinz (Q' 1954 I HANS JOACHIM RIEDL ETAL3,159,102

FIG. 2

INVENTORS; m. PM BY 1 545% United States Patent 13 Claims. 0L 102 22 Thepresent invention is concerned with an explosive demolition arrangementand method and, more particu larly, the present invention is concernedwith directing and increasing the effect of explosive demolitiondevices.

The present application is a continuation-in-part of our co'pehdingapplication Serial No. 674,726, filed July 2 9, 1957, now abandonedandentitled Method of Directmg and Increasing the Effects of ExplosiveCharges.

According to the present invention, the demolition of piercing effectachieved by detonating an explosive charge is increased by arranging athin-walled hollow body or sleeve in front of the explosive charge, i.e.interposed between the front face of the explosive charge and the targetor object to be demolished. The interposed sleeve is so arranged as toConverge in the direction from the charge towards the object to bedetonated. The increased anectivehess of a given demolition charge whichis achieved by interposition of such sleeve is all the more surprisingsince the hollow body or sleeve which may consist of any suitablematerial such as metal, wood, plastic, mill-board or the like may bedestroyed upon detonationof the charge. Particularly good results areachieved by using a hollow sleeve of a material of relatively highspecific gravity such as lead or by giving it a particularly sturdyconstructibill The hollow body of sleeve may also be composed of severallayers. The increase of the blasting ffbct of the hollow body is to alarge degree dependent on the angle of inclination of the wall of thehollow body, i.e. on the apex angle or on the angle between the axis thegeneratrix of the hollow, preferably frusto-conical body which is usedas an interposed sleeve between the charge and the object to bedemolished.

I As shown by the short outline above, it is an object of the presentinvention to improve the effectiveness of demolition charges.

It is a further object of the present invention to increase the effectof a given demolition charge on a given object to be demolished, byinterposing between the charge and the object a guide sleeve whichconverges in the direction from the explosive charge towards the objectin the manner set forth in more detail below, so as to obtain animproved result in a simple and economical manner.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from a further reading of the disclosure and of the appendedclaims.

With the above and other objects in view, the present inventioncontemplates a demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected to explosive force, an explosive device includingan explosive charge of which the front face is spaced from and directedtoward the surface of the object, and a guide sleeve interposed at leastbetween the explosive device and the object, the guide sleevesubstantially surrounding the front face of the explosive charge andconverging in the direction towards the object so as to limit thelateral ex-' pension of the exploding charge and concentrate the sametoward the surface of the object.

According to the method of the present inventiorn the effect of anexplosive charge is concentrated within a limited cross-sectional areaby arranging an explosive charge adjacent and in close proximity to anobject to be subjected to explosive force in such a manner that the pathof the explosive force generated upon detonating the charge willintersect a surface portion of the object, interposing between theexplosive charge and the object a guide sleeve extending at a pointspaced from the charge into the peripheral portion of the path of theexplosive force, and detonating the explosive charge whereby the path ofthe explosive force will be narrowed so as to concentrate the effectthereof within a cross-sectional area which is smaller than thecross-sectional area of the path in the immediate vicinity of theexplosive charge.

For easier operation it would be expedient to enclose the explosive in ajacket e.g'. of sheet-iron of different thick ness. The conical hollowbody and the jacket of the explosive can be either worked inone piece,or the hollow body may be fitted to the edge of the jacketi n anydesired manner, e.g. fastening by means of an adhesive tape wouldalready do. The forwardly converging sleeve may be of frusto-conicalshape, or of conical shape, i.e. closed at its forward end; The shape ofthe tapered end may be flat, concave or convex. Similar to practisesused in connection with shaped charges, theblasting effect may still beincreased by fixing to the front face of the explosive charge a liningof easily deformable mel't'able or evaporable metal. I

Surprisingly it has beer'r found that the arrangement which has beenbroadly described above, is capable of giving particularly good resultsif certain dimeiisio'rial' and shape limitations with respect to thesleeve in' relation to the charge are maintained. v

Thus, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention,the generatrix of the sleeve forms with the axis of the same an angle ofbetween 5 and 14. In other words, the apex angle of the convergingsleeve is preferably between 10 and 28.,,, Furthermore, and particularlywith respect to explosive charges having a fiat circular front face, itis desirable and givesjfar, superior results if the heig ht, of thesleeve, i.e. the distance from the front face, of the explosive, chargeto the apex of the convergingsleeve, measured in a directionperpendicular to the plane of the front face of the explosive charge,equals between ,1.8 and 5 times the diameter of the fiat front face ofthe explosive charge. While. the, sleeve is illustrated and describedherein mainly as being of conical or frusto-conical shape, this is notto be considered an absolute limitation. The generatrix of the sleevemay also be of parabolic or bottle neck-shaped curved configuration, butit is preferred that the overall inclination will be within theabove-desclibed'range.

Furthermore, it has been found to be particularly advantageous toprovide the sleeve at its narrower and poi" tion with an opening havinga diameter equal to up to 25, preferably between 0% and 15% of thediameter of the hat front face of the explosive charge. These preferreddimensions include a conical sleeve which terminates in a pointed endportion without an opening therein.

The sleeve may be made of any desired material such as metal, wood,synthetic materials, mill-board and the like, whereby, sleeves of leadhave been found to give particularly good results. The wall thickness ofthe sleeve will depend on the strength and. the specific gravity of thematerial of which the sleeve'is formed. Inv other words, the higher thestrength and the specific gravity of the sleeve forming'material, thesmaller may be the wall thickness of thesleeve.

The novel features which are considered as characteris-. tic for theinvention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. Theinvention itself, however; both as to its construction and its method ofoperation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, willbe best understood from the following description of specificembodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a schematic elevational view of a demolition arrangementaccording to the present invention wherein the sleeve is offrusto-conical shape;

FIG. 2 is a schematic elevational cross-sectional view of anotherdemolition arrangement according to the present invention wherein thesleeve forms a conical cavity.

In all figures of the drawing, the explosive charge is indicated byreference numeral 1, the jacket covering the explosive charge with theexception of its front face 2 is indicated by reference numeral 6, and aliner 16 may be fitted to front face 2. Reference numeral 5 indicatesthe detonator. The charge may be of any conventional shape and may beproduced of conventional explosive compositions. The experiments whichwill be described further below were carried out with a charge having afunnel-shaped configuration. The front face 2 of the charge 1 whichfront face is not covered in this case by a liner is of planarconfiguration. Guide sleeve 3 is arranged surrounding front face 2 ofcharge l and converging towards target 4. The experiments describedbelow were carried out with charges having a circular planar face 2 witha diameter of 45 or 50 mm. The effect of varying the angle alpha betweenthe axis and the generatrix of the sleeve, as well as the effect ofvarying the height or length h of the sleeve and the diameter of theforward opening d are described in the tables further below.

Before discussing the advantageous effect of the specificconfigurational limitation of the demolition arrangement according tothe present invention, the following Examples 14 will serve to broadlyillustrate the effect of forwardly converging sleeve arrangements,without, however, limiting the invention to any of the specific detailsof the examples.

Example 1 Substantially as illustrated, an explosive composition,consisting of trinitrotoluene-RDX 40:60 was cast into a metal container.The weight of charge amounted to 75 g. The diameter of the explosivebody was 50 mm. at

its greatest width. The conical sleeve was fixed with adhesive tape. Thecharge thus prepared for blasting was arranged in front of the ironplate to be perforated at a distance of 15 mm. An iron plate of 8 mm.thickness was used for this example. After the explosion, the plateshowed a punched hole of 40 mm. inner diameter, whereas a comparativeblasting without the conical sleeve only resulted in a bulge-likedeformation of the plate.

Example 2 Example 3 An explosive charge equal to that used for Example 2was prepared. An iron sleeve homogeneously leaded, was used. The conicalsleeve, covered with a lead lining, was fixed with an adhesive tape andplaced onto the plate to be perforated. After the explosion, the plateshowed a similar crater-like hollow, as described above, the hollowbeing larger than that obtained with ordinary iron sleeves.

Example 4 An explosive composition of 48 g., consisting oftrinitrotoluene-RDX 50:50, was cast into a metal container.

The diameter of the explosive charge was 45 mm. at its greatest width. Aconical sleeve of sheet iron of 0.5 mm. thickness, which was open atboth ends and had a taper of 35 mm. height forming an angle of withrespect to the axis, was attached to the explosive charge by adhesivetape; the explosive body thus prepared was placed with its tapered endonto a steel plate of 15 mm. thickness. After the explosion, the steelplate showed a punched hole of about 25 mm. diameter.

When using a conical sleeve of the same material, having a hei ht of 52mm. and forming an angle of 15 with respect to the axis, a hole of aboutmm. diameter was obtained in a steel plate of 15 mm. thickness with thesame explosive charge. A sleeve of 80 mm. height with an angle of 10with respect to the axis, which was attached to the same explosivecharge, punched a hole of about 32 mm. diameter into the steel plate of15 mm. thickness.

Further experiments which will serve to illustrate the particularadvantages of limiting the apex angle and the height of the sleeve inaccordance with the present invention, are summarized in the tablesfurther below.

The experiments which are thus summarized were carried out withexplosive charges weighing grams and consisting of a mixture of equalparts of trinitrotoluene and RDX, i.e., cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine.The charge, with the exception of its planar front face was covered witha jacket consisting of a steel sheet of 0.8 mm. thickness. The sleeve ineach of these experiments consisting of bright drawn steel 11. Thesleeve was attached to the jacket surrounding the charge in the positionillustrated in the drawing. The top of the sleeve was positioned in allexperiments in direct contact with a steel plate of 50 mm. thicknesswhich served as the object to be subjected to destruction by theexplosive charge.

The first column of each of the tables indicates the test number withinthe series of tests summarized in the respective table, columns 2, 3 and4 respectively give the values for the angle alpha between generatrixand axis of the sleeve, the height h of the guide sleeve and thediameter d of the opening in the forward end of the guide sleeve whichcontacts steel plate 4. Column 5 indicates in millimeters the depth ofthe indentation in the steel plate which was formed by detonating thecharge under the conditions indicated in the respective tests.

Table I summarizes tests which were made with a guide sleeve formed of asteel sheet of 1 mm. thickness and having at its apex an opening of 4.8mm. diameter. The variables in this series are the angle between theaxis and the generatrix of the frusto-conical sleeve and correspondinglythe height h of the sleeve.

It will be seen that maximum effect was achieved in test 9 with a depthof the indentation of 32 mm. This was accomplished at an angle of 6.8".

TABLE I Test No. 04 IL/mrn. d/mm. T/nun.

Tables II and III show the results which were achieved with steelsleeves having a wall thickness of 5 and 10 mm. respectively. It will beseen that optimum results. again are obtained in test 9, i.e. at anangle of 6.8".

TABLE H [Sleeve wall thiclmess 1 m.]

1 2 3 4 5 Test No. 04 h/mm. d/mm. T/mrn.

TABLE III [Sleeve wall thickness 111111.] 7

a h/mm d/mm. T/nnn.

The tests which are summarized in Table IV were carried out with aconical guide sleeve according to FIG. 2 which was formed of a steel of10 mm. thickness. It will be seen that best results in this case areachieved at an angle of 9.8 which is different from the angle whichgives best results with the guide sleeve according to FIG. 1.

Table V illustrates how the diameter d will influence the resultsobtained under otherwise equal conditions. The angle between the axisand the generatrix of the sleeve varies corresponding to the change inthe diameter of opening d while the height of the sleeve remainsunchanged. It can be seen that the smaller opening d gives a farsuperior result.

TABLE V Test No. a h/mm. d/mm. T/mm.

It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or twoor more together, may also find a useful application in other types ofdemolition arrangement difie'ringfrom the types described above.

While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied inexplosive demolition device, it is not intended to be limited to thedetails shown, since various modifications and structural changes may bemade without departing in any way from the spirit of the presentinvention.

Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist ofthe present invention that others can by applying current knowledgereadily adapt it for various applications without omitting featuresthat, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essentialcharacteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this inventionand, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to becomprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of thefollowing claims.

What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:

1. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected to explosive force; an explosive device includingan explosive charge having a substantially fiat front face spaced fromand directed toward the surface of said object so that upon detonationthe exploding charge will emanate from said front face toward saidobject; and a guide sleeve interposed at least between said explosivedevice and said object, said guide sleeve substantially surrounding saidfront face of said explosive charge and having an axis substantiallyperpendicular to said flat front face of said explosive charge, saidguide sleeve converging in the direction towards said object at an angleof between about 6 and 11 between said axis and the generatrix of saidguide sleeve so as to limit the lateral expansion of the explodingcharge and concentrate the same toward the surface of said object.

2. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected. to explosive force; an explosive deviceincluding an explosive charge having a substantially flat free frontface spaced from and directed toward the surface of said object so thatupon detonation the exploding charge will emanate from said front facetoward said object; and a guide sleeve contact,- ing, and interposedbetween, said explosive device and said object, said guide sleevesubstantially surrounding said front face of said explosive charge andhaving an axis substantially perpendicular to said fiat front face ofsaid explosive charge, said guide sleeve converging in the directiontowards said object at an angle of between about 6 and 11 between saidaxisjand the generatrix of said guide sleeve so as to limit the lateralexpansion of the exploding charge and concentrate the same toward thesurface of said object. 7

3. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination,- anobject to be subjected to explosive force; an explosive device includingan explosive charge having asubstantially flat free front face whichlatter is spaced from and directed toward the surface of said ob.- jectso that upon detonation the exploding charge will emanate from saidfront face toward said object; and a substantially frusto-conical guidesleeve interposed at least between said explosive device and saidobject, said guide sleeve substantially surrounding said frontface ofsaid explosive charge and having an axis substantially perpendicular tosaid flat front face of said explosive charge, said guide sleeveconverging in the direction towards said object at an angle of betweenabout 6 and 11 between said axis and the generatrix of said guide sleeveso as to limit the lateral expansion of the exploding charge andconcentrate the same toward the surface of said object.

4. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected to explosive force; an explosive device includingan explosive charge having a substantially flat front face which isfitted with a liner and spaced from and directed toward the surface ofsaid object so that upon detonation the exploding charge will emanatefrom said front face toward said object; and a substantiallyfrusto-conical guide sleeve interiposed at least between said explosivedevice and said object, said guide sleeve substantially surrounding saidfront face of said explosive charge and having an axis substantiallyperpendicular to said flat front face of said explosive charge, saidguide sleeve converging in the direction towards said object at an angleof between about 6 and 11 between said axis and the generatrix of saidguide sleeve so as to limit the lateral expansion of the explodingcharge and concentrate the same toward the surface of said object.

5. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected to explosive force; an explosive device includingan explosive charge having a substantially flat front face which isspaced from and directed toward the surface of said object so that upondetonation the exploding charge will emanate from said front face towardsaid object; and a substantially frusto-conical guide sleeve interposedat least between said explosive device and said object, said guidesleeve substantially surrounding said front face of said explosivecharge and having an axis substantially perpendicular to said flat frontface of said explosive charge, said guide sleeve converging in thedirection towards said object at an angle of between about 5.0 and 9.lbetween said axis and the generatrix of said frusto-conical sleeve so asto limit the lateral expansion of the exploding charge and concentratethe same toward the surface of said object.

6. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected to explosive force; an explosive device includingan explosive charge having a substantially flat substantially circularfront face which is spaced from and directed toward the surface of saidobject so that upon detonation the exploding charge will emanate fromsaid front face toward said object, and a substantially frusto-conicalguide sleeve interposed at least between said explosive device and saidobject, said guide sleeve substantially surrounding said front face ofsaid explosive charge and having an axis substantially perpendicular tosaid circular fiat front face of said explosive charge passing throughthe center of the same, said guide sleeve converging in the directiontowards said object at an angle of between about 6 and 11 between saidaxis and the generatrix of said frusto-conical sleeve so as to limit thelateral expansion of the exploding charge and concentrate the sametoward the surface of said object.

7. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected to explosive force; an explosive device includingan explosive charge having a substantially flat, substantially circular,front face, of which is spaced from and directed toward the surface ofsaid object so that upon detonation the exploding charge will emanatefrom said front face toward said object; and a substantiallyfrusto-conical guide sleeve interposed at least between said explosivedevice and said object, said guide sleeve substantially surrounding saidcircular fiat front face of said explosive charge and having an axisextending perpendicular to said circular flat front face from the centerof the same, said guide sleeve converging in the direction toward saidobject at an angle in the region of 6.8 between the axis and thegeneratrix of said frusto-conical sleeve and extending forward of saidfront face for a distance, measured in axial direction of said guidesleeve, equal to between 1.8 times and 5 times the diameter of saidcircular front face so that said converging guide sleeve will limit thelateral expansion of the exploding charge and concentrate the same inforward direction.

8. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected to explosive force; an explosive device includingan explosive charge having a substantially flat, substantially circular,front face which is spaced from and directed toward the surface of saidobject so that upon detonation the exploding charge will emanate fromsaid front face toward said object; and a substantially frusto-conicalguide sleeve interposed at least between said explosive device and saidobject, said guide sleeve substantially surrounding said circular fiatfront face of said explosive charge and having an axis extendingperpendicular to said circular flat front face from the center of thesame, said guide sleeve converging in the direction toward said objectat an angle in the region of 6.8 between the axis and the generatrix ofsaid frusto-conical sleeve and extending forward of said front face fora distance, measured in axial direction of said guide sleeve, equaltobetween 1.8 times and 5 times the diameter of said circular front face,the inner diameter of the forward end portion of said frusto-conicalguide sleeve being equal to up to 25% of the diameter of said circularfront face of said explosive charge so that said converging guide sleevewill limit the lateral expansion of the exploding charge and concentratethe same in forward direction.

9. A stationary explosive demolition device, comprising, in combination,an explosive charge being enclosed in a jacket and having a fiat frontface so that upon detonation the exploding charge will emanate from saidfront face toward an object to be subjected to explosive force; and aguide sleeve connected to said jacket and extending forwardly of saidexplosive charge substantially surrounding said front face thereof andsubstantially coaxial with the same, said guide sleeve converging inforward direction at an angle of between 6 and 11 between its axis andits generatrix and extending forwardly of said front face of saidexplosive charge for a distance equal to between 1.8 times and 5 timesthe largest diameter of said front face of said explosive charge so thatsaid converging guide sleeve will limit the lateral expansion of theexploding charge and concentrate the same in forward direction.

10. A stationary explosive demolition device, comprising, incombination, an explosive charge being enclosed in a jacket and having aflat substantially circular front face so that upon detonation theexploding charge will emanate from said front face toward an object tobe subjected to explosive force; and a substantially frustoconical guidesleeve connected to said jacket and extending forwardly of saidexplosive charge substantially surrounding said front face thereof andsubstantially coaxial with the same, said guide sleeve converging inforward direction at an angle in the region of 68 between its axis andits generatrix and extending forwardly of said front face of saidexplosive charge for a distance equal to between 1.8 times and 5 timesthe diameter of said circular front face of said explosive charge, theforward end portion of said guide sleeve have an inner diameter equal tobetween 0% and 15% of the diameter of said circular front face of saidexplosive charge, so that said converging guide sleeve will limit thelateral expansion of the exploding charge and concentrate the same inforward direction.

11. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected to explosive force; an explosive device includingan explosive charge having a substantially fiat front face which isspaced from and directed toward the surface of said object so that upondetonation the exploding charge will emanate from said front face towardsaid object; and a conical guide sleeve interposed at least between saidexplosive device and said object, said guide sleeve substantiallysurrounding said front face of said explosive charge and having an axissubstantially perpendicular to said flat front face of said explosivecharge, said guide sleeve converging in the direction towards saidobject at an angle in the region of 9.8 between said axis and thegeneratrix of said conical sleeve so as to limit the lateral expansionof the exploding charge and concentrate the same toward the surface ofsaid object.

12. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected to explosive force; an explosive device includingan explosive charge having a substantially fiat, substantially circular,front face, which is spaced from and directed toward the surface of saidobject so that upon detonation the exploding charge will emanate fromsaid front face toward said object; and a conical guide sleeveinterposed at least between said explosive device and said object, saidguide sleeve substantially surrounding said circular flat front face ofsaid explosive charge and having an axis extending perpendicular to saidcircular flat front face from the center of the same, said guide sleeveconverging in the direction toward said object at an angle of between 6and 11 between the axis and the generatrix of said conical sleeve andextending forward of said front face for a distance, measured in axialdirection of said guide sleeve, equal to between 1.8 times and 5 timesthe diameter of said circular front face so that said converging guidesleeve will limit the lateral expansion of the exploding charge andconcentrate the same in forward direction.

13. A stationary demolition arrangement, comprising, in combination, anobject to be subjected to explosive force; an explosive device includingan explosive charge having a substantially flat, substantially circular,front face, which 'is spaced from and directed toward the surface ofsaid object so that upon detonation the exploding charge will emanatefrom said front face toward said object; and a substantiallyfrusto-conical guide sleeve interposed at least between said explosivedevice and said object, said guide sleeve substantially surrounding saidcircular flat front face of said explosive charge and having an axisextending perpendicular to said circular flat front face from the centerof the same, said guide sleeve converging in the direction toward saidobject at an angle in the region 6.8 between the axis and the generatrixof said frusto-conical sleeve and extending forward of said front facefor a distance, measured in axial direction of said guide sleeve, equalto between 1.8 times and 5 times the diameter of said circular frontface, the inner diameter of the forward end portion of saidfrustoconical guide sleeve being equal to between 0% and 15% of thediameter of said circular front face of said explosive charge so thatsaid converging guide sleeve will limit the lateral expansion of theexploding charge and concentrate the same in forward direction.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS2,359,301 Church et a1. Oct. 3, 1944 2,419,414 Mohaupt Apr. 22, 19472,521,739 Meister Sept. 12, 1950 2,605,703 Lawson Aug. 5, 1952 2,679,380Sweetman May 25, 1954 FOREIGN PATENTS 645,611 Great Britain Nov. 1, 1950

1. A STATIONARY DEMOLITION ARRANGEMENT, COMPRISING, IN COMBINATION, ANOBJECT TO BE SUBJECTED TO EXPLOSIVE FORCE; AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE INCLUDINGAN EXPLOSIVE CHARGE HAVING A SUBSTANTIALLY FLAT FRONT FACE SPACED FROMAND DIRECTED TOWARD THE SURFACE OF SAID OBJECT SO THAT UPON DETONATIONTHE EXPLODING CHARGE WILL EMANATE FROM SAID FRONT FACE TOWARD SAIDOBJECT; AND A GUIDE SLEEVE INTERPOSED AT LEAST BETWEEN SAID EXPLOSIVEDEVICE AND SAID OBJECT, SAID GUIDE SLEEVE SUBSTANTIALLY SURROUNDING SAIDFRONT FACE OF SAID EXPLOSIVE CHARGE AND HAVING AN AXIS SUBSTANTIALLYPERPENDICULAR TO SAID FLAT FRONT FACE OF SAID EXPLOSIVE CHARGE, SAIDGUIDE SLEEVE CONVERGING IN THE DIRECTION TOWARDS SAID OBJECT AT AN ANGLEOF BETWEEN ABOUT 6 AND 11* BETWEEN SAID AXIS AND THE GENERATRIX OF SAIDGUIDE SLEEVE SO AS TO LIMIT THE LATERAL EXPANSION OF THE EXPLODINGCHARGE AND CONCENTRATE THE SAME TOWARD THE SURFACE OF SAID OBJECT.